Africa’s demographic future will play a defining role in shaping the continent’s development trajectory and position in the global economy, says Jakkie Cilliers, author of the WRR working paper Harnessing and advancing Africa’s future demographic dividend, which was published July 23, 2025. As the world’s youngest region, Africa has the potential to reap a significant demographic dividend, boosting economic growth, driving innovation and reshaping global labour markets.
the needs of countries vary according to their stage in the demographic transition
While Europe’s population is shrinking and ageing, in Africa many countries are about to enter a phase of demographic dividend. In this phase, a large share of the population is of working age, which generates a historic opportunity for increasing prosperity and wellbeing. The working paper examines the conditions necessary to advance and harness this demographic dividend. It suggests policy options for both African and other countries to help realise this opportunity.
Policy choices
The author assesses policy choices that could maximise the economic and social benefits associated with demographic shifts. These can range from investments in education and health, to labour market reforms, stimulating international investment and improvements in governance strategies. Recognising that Africa’s demographic transformation will not unfold in isolation, broader implications for Europe and the Netherlands are also considered. The paper discusses how shifting population patterns in Africa can drive evolving trade and investment landscapes and changing migration trends, with direct geopolitical and economic consequences beyond Africa.
Towards a demographic perspective on international cooperation
By understanding these shifts, the Netherlands can better position itself to engage with Africa in a mutually beneficial, forward-looking manner aligned with global development goals. The paper argues for a demographic perspective on international and development cooperation: the needs of countries vary according to their stage in the demographic transition. Taking this variation into account when crafting partnerships will make for more effective policies, and can help countries reap the benefits of their ‘demographic window of opportunity’, while also benefiting the Netherlands.
About the author
Cilliers is the founder and the former Executive Director of the Institute for Security Studies (ISS). ISS Africa is an independent think tank analysing the potential for stability, development and prosperity in Africa, with offices in Kenya, Ethiopia, South Africa and Senegal. Cilliers currently serves as chairman of the ISS Board of Trustees and head of the African Futures and Innovation programme in the Pretoria office of ISS Africa.
